Ngā Kōrere Whakakotahi me te Mahana: He Aratohu Whaihua mō ngā Wharekai me ngā Wharekai

IKi te tuku inu koe, kua rongo pea koe i te amuamu: "Ka tere rawa te makuku o ēnei kakau wairākau." Engari he onge te raruraru ko te kakau tonu. He maha ngā wā, he kore taurite i waenga i te rauemi kakau me te pāmahana o te inu. He rerekē te whanonga o ngā rauemi wairākau ina pāngia e te wera, e te makariri rānei. Mā te mārama ki aua rerekētanga ka āwhina i a koe ki te whiriwhiri i te kakau tika mō tāu e tuku atu ana. E whakamārama ana tēnei aratohu, i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te rauemi me ngā raraunga whakamātautau e wātea ana, me pēhea te noa o te...ngā kakau witi ka taea te whakawairakaumahi puta noa i ngā pāmahana inu o te ao tūturu.

RĀRANGI O NGĀ IHIRANGI

• 1.Ngā Mea Ka Tūpono i Roto i te Kōrere Ina Huri te Pāmahana
• 2.He pai ngā ngongo pepa – mō ngā inu makariri tere, kaua mō ngā inu wera
• 3.Ngā Kōrere PLA – I Whakapaipaitia mō ngā Inu Matao
• 4.Ngā Kōrere PHA – Ātete Wera, Pono hoki mō ngā Inu Wera
• 5.He paipa muka paina me te tipu – he kaha mākū teitei mai i ngā rauemi taiao
• 6.Ngā Āhuatanga Rokiroki – He Take Kāore i te Mōhiotia
• 7.Ngā Tiwhikete e Whakamana ana i te Whakakotahitanga
• 8.Aratohu Kōwhiringa Whaihua

Ngā Mea Ka Tūpono i Roto i te Kōrere Ina Huri te Pāmahana

He māmā noa iho ngā ngongo kirihou tuku iho. Kāore e aro nui ki te wera, ki te makariri rānei.Engari ko ngā kakau witi ka taea te whakawairakau i ahu mai i ngā tipu - te kānga, te tō, te pūangi, te muka pepa rānei. He mea hanga ēnei rauemi taiao kia pakaru i muri i te whakamahinga. He pai tēnā mō te ao. Engari ko te tikanga anō hoki ka aro atu rātou ki te pāmahana me te makuku i a koe e inu ana.Ina tūtaki te kakau witi ka taea te whakawairakau ki te wera, e toru ngā mea ka puta:

• Ka tere ake te mimiti o te rauemi i te makuku
• Ka ngawari ake te hanganga
• Tērā pea ka ngaro te maeneene, te pakari rānei o te mata

Ka whakaroahia ēnei tauhohenga e ngā inu matao. Ka tere ake te tauhohenga e ngā inu wera.Koia te take kāore e tau te ngongo kotahi ki roto i ia kapu.

He pai ngā ngongo pepa – mō ngā inu makariri tere, kaua mō ngā inu wera

Ngā ngongo pepahe mea hanga mai i te penupenu rakau me te paninga ātete-makuku. I roto i ngā inu matao (0–7°C / 32–45°F), ka roa te inu mō te 15–30 meneti i te tere inu noa. I tua atu i tēnā, ka tīmata te wāhanga kua rumakina ki te ngawari i te wa e uru ana te wai ki roto i ngā muka pepa.I roto i ngā inu wera (neke atu i te 60°C / 140°F), ka tere ake te whakangawari. Ka whakanuia e te wera te mimiti o te makuku, ā, ka ngoikore pea ngā piripiri e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanganga o te kakau witi. Mō ngā inu e tukuna wera ana, e whakaarohia ana rānei kia inu puhoi, ehara ngā kakau witi pepa i te kōwhiringa pono.

Ngā Kōrere PLA – I Whakapaipaitia mō ngā Inu Matao

PLA(waikawa polylactic) he kirihou koiora i hangaia mai i te māngaro kānga, te tō, me ētahi atu puna tipu. He maeneene ngā ngongo PLA, he ātete ki te makuku, ā, he rite te āhua ki te kirihou noa.I roto i ngā inu matao – kawhe hukapapa, inu huamata, wai hua, tī mirumiru – he tino pai te mahi a ngā ngongo PLA. Ka noho pūmau tonu mō te roanga o te inu, ahakoa te roa o te pānga ki te wai.Ko te herenga o te PLA paerewa ko tōna manawanui ki te wera. Ko te pāmahana whakawhiti karāhe – te wāhi ka tīmata te whakangawari o te rauemi – kei te 55–60°C (130–140°F). Ko te kawhe hou, ko te tī wera rānei, he maha ngā wā ka neke atu i te 70°C (158°F), ka ngaro te pakari o te kakau PLA i roto i ngā meneti. Ko ētahi ranunga PLA kei roto ko te PBAT, ētahi atu whakarerekētanga rānei hei whakanui ake i te manawanui ki te 70°C, engari he rerekē te mahi i runga i te kaihanga.He tino pai te PLA mō ngā inu matao. Mō ngā inu wera, kāore i te tūtohutia kia whakamahia te PLA paerewa mēnā kāore i te tino tohua mō ngā pāmahana teitei.

Ngā Kōrere PHA – Ātete Wera, Pono hoki mō ngā Inu Wera

Ka whakaputaina te PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoate) mā te whakapūkara huakita o ngā hinu, ngā huka rānei e ahu mai ana i ngā tipu. He whakatupuranga hou tēnei o te biopolymer ka taea te whakapūkara, he rerekē rawa ngā āhuatanga wera mai i te PLA.He nui ake te ātete wera o ngā kakau PHA. I runga i te hanganga, ka mau tonu te āhua o te hanganga i ngā pāmahana inu i runga ake i te 70°C (158°F), ā, ko ētahi momo ka taea te tu atu ki te 100–120°C (212–248°F) mō te wā poto noa iho. I roto i ngā kupu mahi, he pai te mahi a ngā kakau PHA ki te kawhe hou me te tī wera me te kore e whakangawari wawe.Ko ngā painga ko te utu nui ake, me te iti ake o te wātea ki te whakataurite ki te PLA. Mō ngā mahi e hiahia ana ki tētahi kakau witi kotahi ka taea te whakawairakau mō ngā inu makariri me ngā inu wera, he pai te PHA.

He paipa muka paina me te tipu – he kaha mākū teitei mai i ngā rauemi taiao

Ngā kakau parāoame ētahi atungā kakau muka tipuhe iti noa iho, he kore rānei he here hangai e hangaia ana. E whakaatu ana ngā whakamātautau miihini he iti ake te wai e mimitihia ana e ngā kakau witi hangai ki te pāmu i ngā kakau pepa pania i roto i te wā. I roto i tētahi whakamātautau whakatairite, tata ki te 60% te iti iho o te makuku e mimitihia ana e ngā kakau witi pāmu i te pepa i muri i ngā hāora e rua i roto i te wai 80°C, me te pupuri tonu i te kaha mākū teitei ake.He pai te mahi a ēnei ngongo i roto i te whānuitanga o te pāmahana, mai i ngā inu mātao ki te tī wera. Heoi, he rerekē te ōritetanga i runga i te kaihanga, ā, kāore i te tino pakari ngā mekameka tuku i ērā mō te pepa, te PLA rānei. Me manatoko ngā kaihoko i ngā whakaritenga hua i mua i te whakamahinga nui.

Ngā Āhuatanga Rokiroki – He Take Kāore i te Mōhiotia

He mea hanga ngā ngongo wairākau kia pakaru i muri i te maka atu, kaua i te wā e rongoatia ana. Engari ki te kore e tika te rokiroki, ka raru pea te mahi a te ngongo i mua i te pā o te ngongo ki te inu.Me penapena ngā kakau PLA mā te āhuarangi e whakahaeretia ana, me te haumākū i raro i te 50% i te wā e puritia ana. Ka taea e te wera nui, te haumākū roa rānei te pakarukaru o te PLA, te pirau wawe rānei.Me waiho ngā ngongo pepa ki te wāhi maroke, kia matara atu i te makuku tika.He pumau ake ngā kakau PHA me te pūangi, engari ka whai hua tonu mēnā ka penapena ki te hauhautanga, ki te maroke, ki te pōuri hoki.He taunakitanga whaihua: Penapenahia ngā kakau witi katoa ka taea te whakawairakau ki te wāhi hauhautanga, maroke, kia matara atu i ngā mīhini horoi rihi, i ngā oumu, i te rā tika rānei. Whakamahia ngā taonga tawhito i te tuatahi.

Ngā Tiwhikete e Whakamana ana i te Whakakotahitanga

Kāore ngā hua katoa kua tohua he "whakapūkara" e tutuki ana i tētahi paerewa whai tikanga. Ki te koremanatoko tuatoru, he iti noa te taumaha ture o te kupu.E ai ki ngā Aratohu Kakariki a te FTC, he tinihanga te kī he "ka taea te whakapūtā" tētahi hua, me te kore e tohua ngā āhuatanga pakaru. He maha ngā kawanatanga, tae atu ki a Washington me Minnesota, e hiahia ana ki te tiwhikete tuatoru hei taunakitanga ture mō ngā kereme mō te whakapūtā.Mō ngā kakau witi ka taea te whakawairakau i te mākete o Amerika, e rua ngā tiwhikete tino nui:

ÜV Austria OK Komipara KĀINGA

Mā tēnei tiwhikete ka pakaru te hua i roto i ngā āhuatanga wairākau o te kāinga – me te kore he wera ahumahi, he hau rānei e whakahaeretia ana. Koinei te paerewa uaua ki te whakatutuki, nā te mea me pakaru i ngā pāmahana iti ake, rerekē hoki e rite ana ki ngā ipu wairākau kāinga. Ka taea te maka atu i ngā hua me tēnei tiwhikete ki roto i ngā pūnaha wairākau kāinga.

Te Whakakotahitanga Tauhokohoko BPI

E whakamana ana a BPI (Biodegradable Products Institute) i ngā hua e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa ASTM D6400 mō ngā whare whakapūkara ā-ahumahi. Ka mau tonu te pāmahana o ēnei whare ki te 58 ±2°C (tata ki te 136°F) me te haumākū me te haumākū e whakahaeretia ana. Neke atu i te 51,000 ngā hua whakapūkara kua whakamanahia e BPI tae noa ki tēnei wā, ā, koinei te tiwhikete whakapūkara e tino mōhiotia whānuitia ana i Amerika Te Raki.Kotahi anake te tiwhikete o ētahi hua. Ko ētahi kāore he tiwhikete, ahakoa te whakamahi i ngā kupu pēnei i te "pirau-koiora" me te "mea tipu-ā-roto." He iti ake te rōpū – tae atu ki ētahi kakau witi motuhake – e pupuri ana i ngā tiwhikete e rua i te wā kotahi. He mea onge te tiwhikete takirua i roto i te wāhanga kakau witi ka taea te whakawairakau, engari he painga mahi: ka taea te whakawairakau i te hua kotahi i roto i te ipu para o muri, i te whare ahumahi rānei, i runga i te hanganga para o te rohe.Ina aromatawaihia ngā kakau witi ka taea te whakawairakau mō te whakamahinga arumoni, he nui ake ngā mōhiohio pono mā te tirotiro i ēnei tiwhikete i te pānui noa i ngā kereme kei runga i te takai.

Aratohu Kōwhiringa Whaihua

Kāore he kakau witi kotahi ka taea te whakawairakau e mahi pai ana puta noa i te awhe pāmahana inu katoa. Ko te huarahi whai hua ko te whakataurite i te rauemi ki tāu tahua tuturu.

Ngā inu makariri anake (ngā inu reka, kawhe hukapapa, wai hua, tī mirumiru):Ko ngā kakau witi PLA te mea tino pai mō te mahi me te utu.

Tahua pāmahana whakaranu (inu makariri me te inu wera):Whakaarohia ngā kakau witi PHA, ngā kakau witi muka rānei. Tērā pea ka tika te utu wawe nui mā te karo i ngā amuamu a ngā kaihoko.

Ngā inu wera anake (kawhe, tī wera):Whakamahia he kakau witi PHA, he kakau witi tipu rānei e ātete ana ki te wera. Kāore e pai ngā kakau witi pepa.

Ngā inu matao poto-wāHe pai tonu ngā ngongo pepa, engari ehara i te mea he otinga whānui.

Mā te rokiroki tika me ngā tiwhikete kua manatokohia ka whakarite kia pai te mahi a ngā kakau witi. Ina pakaru te kakau witi wairākau i te wā e whakamahia ana, ko te raruraru kāore rawa "kāore e mahi ngā hua wairākau". He tata tonu te kore e ōrite te rauemi, te pāmahana, te rokiroki rānei.